󰊳 조동사

(1) can

1. 능력

I can fly.

미래형 ☞ I will be able to fly.

2. 허가

Can I take your wife to the movies?

can = may

3. 특수용법

cannot - too, cannot - enough

아무리 -해도 지나치지 않다.

You can't study too hard.

I can't thank you enough.

(2) do

1. 부정문

I don't know who you are.

do(does) + not ☞ don't(doesn't)

didn't

I don't know ☞ I do not know. 강조

You turkey!

2. 의문문

Does he know I'm a spy?

Do my hips look cute?

= My hips look cute?

= Are my hips cute?

3. 강조

I do know you're a turkey.

4. 대동사

She speaks English better than I do.

5. 도치문

I did never see such a beauty.

☞ Never did I see such a beauty.

He rarely studies.

☞ Rarely does he study.

(3) may

1. 허가

May I use your money?

May I have the cake?

No, you may not.

No, you must not.

2. 추측

-일지도 모른다.

He may be angry if I call him SOB.

3. 기원

May you succeed!

4. 특수용법

may well -하는 것도 당연하다. -할 만하다.

You may well be proud of your kids.

may as well = had better -하는 게 낫다.

You may as well go back home at once.

5. 과거형 might

① 시제일치

He said, "I may go to Seoul." ☞ He said that he might go to Seoul.

② 희박한 가능성

I might get married to Cindy.

(4) must

1. 필요, 의무

You must say, 'Yes'.

must = have to ☞ had to, will(shall) have to

2. 강한 금지

You must not go out with him.

3. 강한 추측

-임에 틀림없다.

She must be married.

You must be feeling on top of the world.

(5) shall

Korean shall prosper forever.

[ should ]

1. 의무

You shouldn't overstay your welcome.

※ 오늘날에는 ‘-하는 게 좋다.’ 정도로 쓰임.

You must go home.

You should go home.

2. 비난

I should have married Rambo.

should have + 과거분사 ☞ 후회, 비난, 원망

3. 희망, 제안, 요구 등의 동사 뒤에 오는 종속절

Joe demanded that SoJu marry MaGulLi.

요새는 그냥 동사의 원형을 그대로 씀.

demand, request, order, suggest, propose, insist, desire, wish

4. 무가치한 존재

It is + 형 + that + 주 + should

natural, necessary, strange, right, wrong, curious, odd, wonderful, surprising, regretable, a pity

It is natural that man should die.

(6) will

1. 의지

I will kill you.

2. 고집

My car won't start.

3. 부드러운 명령

You will leave here tomorrow.

4. 의뢰, 권유

Will you lend me some money?

would > will 정중함

5. 습성

The man will pray for hours before dinner.

6. 추측

She will be your fiancee.

[ would ]

1. 공손한 표현

Would you please pass me the salt?

2. 고집

He would not take the money.

3. 과거의 습관

He would came to Seoul to try some kimchee.

4. 과거의 추측

He would be only 15 when he was at college.

5. want to = wish to

If you want, I would go with you.

6. would like to

I'd like to smuggle some goods.

3대 lies 는?

① 처녀, 시집 안간다.

② 장사, 밑지고 판다.

③ 노인, 어서 죽어야지.

7. would rather - than ~

~하기보다는 차라리 -하고 싶다.

I would rather go home than stay overnight with you.

-, ~ 원형동사

(7) used to

Father used to say that money isn't everything. 상습적 동작

There used to be a big ginko tree next ti the house. 과거의 상태

would는 습관을 나타내지만 상습적, 영속적인 면이 약하다.

※ be used to +명사, 동명사

-에 익숙해지다.

I'm used to fighting with my wife.

󰊴 능동태와 수동태

(1) 능동태 수동태

I die. ☞ I'm killed.

He kissed her. ☞ She was kissed by him.

1. 진행형 수동태

There were building the house.

☞ The house was being built by them.

They were repairing the bridge.

☞ The bridge was being repaired by them.

be being P.P ☞ 비빙삐삐

2. 의문사를 대동한 수동태

Who beat up my boy?

☞ By whom was my boy beaten up?

☞ Who was my boy beaten up by?

3. 목적어가 두개지만 수동태는 하나

I made her a paper plane.

☞ She was made a paper plane by me. ✗

☞ A paper plane was made (to) her by me. 〇

4. 일반인은 생략

we, you, they, people

They elected XX President.

☞ XX was elected President (by them).

5. 목적어가 명사절

They say that he is a penny pincher.

☞ It is said that he is a penny pincher.

☞ He is said to be a penny pincher.

6. 합성동사

I took care of my baby at home last Sunday.

☞ My baby was taken care of by me at home last Sunday.

동사(타동사) + (a) + 형용사 + 추상명사 + 전치사

While I was away, she took a good care of my baby.

☞ While I was away, a good care was taken of my baby by her.

7. 명령문

Make friends be made.

부정문을 만들 경우

Touch her.

☞ Don't let her be touched.

☞ Let her not be touched.

(2) by + 목적어가 통용되지 않는 농땡이 군단들

1. know

Everybody knows the actor.

☞ The actor is known by everybody. ✗

☞ The actor is known to everybody. 〇

I know Mr. Clinton is.

I know who Mr. Clinton is.

be known by 판단

A man is known by his friend.

2. snow

Snow covers the mountain.

☞ The mountain is covered by snow. ✗

☞ The mountain is covered with me. 〇

3. of, from

Books are made of paper.

Paper is made from wood.

of 변하지 않는 그 자체

from -곳에서 다른 곳, 변화

4. 기쁨, 슬픔, 놀람

보통 수동태로 표현, 전치사 at, with 이용

I'm pleased with my new wife.

5. 잡동사니들

be interested in -에 흥미가 있다.

be tired from -로 피곤하다.

be tired of -에 싫증이 나다.

be crowded with -로 붐비다.

be disappointed with -에 실망하다.

(3) 수동태의 필요성

1. 능동태의 주어보다 수동태의 주어를 더 강조할 때

My boy was run over by a car.