󰊵 시제

(1) 시제의 일치

1. 종은 주인을 따른다.

She always says I'm handsome.

2. 주절의 시제가 현재라 할지라도 이치상으로 종속절의 시제는 과거인 경우

그녀는 젊었을 때 예뻤다고들 한다.

= They say that she was pretty when she was young.

☞ They said that she had been pretty when she was young.

3. 주절이 동사가 과거가 되면 종속절의 현재완료는 과거완료

I think he has finished the work.

☞ I thought he had finished the work.

4. 쿠데타

① 진리는 항상 현재형

He knows the earth moves around.

☞ He knew the earth moves around.

② 현재의 습관은 항상 현재형

I know my mom gives me a hug about at six every morning.

☞ I knew my mom gives me a hug about at six every morning.

③ 발생은 과거에 이루어졌지만 현재까지 영향이 미치는 일은 현재형

She said she is in Seoul now.

④ 역사적인 사실은 항상 과거시제

They taught us the Second World War broke out in 1939.

⑤ 가정법 종속절 동사의 시제는 주절의 시제가 변해도 변하지 ✗

I wish I could fly.

☞ I wished I could fly.

⑥ 주절이 과거가 되더라도 추측을 나타내는 must be는 불변

Everybody said she must be a widow.

추측이 아닌 경우 주절이 과거가 되면 must는 had to로 해도 되고 그냥 두어도 됨.

Everybody said that you must work hard.

= Everybody said that you had to work hard.

※ ought to, had better, should, need

He said that I should go home right away.

(2) 화법이란 무엇인가?

직접화법 ☞ 간접화법

Sam said to me, "I'm happy."

☞ Sam told me that he was happy.

1. 평서문의 화법

① 전달동사의 변화

say ☞ say

say to ☞ tell

② 때와 장소를 나타내는 부사를 이치에 맞게 변화

Mom said, "I arrived here two days ago."

☞ Mom said that she had arrived there two days before.

here ☞ there

this ☞ there

these ☞ those

now ☞ then

ago ☞ before

today ☞ that day

yesterday ☞ the day before, the previous day

tomorrow ☞ the next day, the following day

last week ☞ the week before, the previous night

next ☞ the next, the following

2. Yes, No의 간접화법

She said, "Yes."

☞ She accepted.

☞ She agreed.

☞ She answered in the negative.

She said, "No."

☞ She refused.

☞ She denied.

☞ She answered in the negative.

3. 의문문의 화법은 어떤 식으로

① He said to me, "How much did you make?"

☞ He asked me how much did you made.

의문사가 있으면 그대로 둠.

주어 +동사의 순으로 나열.

4. 명령문의 화법은 어떤 식으로

전달동사는 tell, ask, beg, order, command, bid, advise, request, forbid

피전달문은 to 부정사로 연결

Father said to me, "Break up with her."

☞ Father told me to break up with her.

The maid said to me, " Please go shopping for me."

☞ The maid asked me to go shopping for her.

The doctor said to me, "Don't sit up too late."

☞ The doctor advised me not to sit up too late.

She said to us. "Let's play go-stop."

☞ She suggested (to us) that we should play go-stop.

5. 감탄문은 간접화법을 어떻게 만드는가?

전달동사는 cry (out), shout, exclaim, remark

My wife said, "How happy I am!"

☞ My wife remarked how happy she was.

= My wife remarked (that) she was very happy.

He said, "Hurrah! I've won."

☞ He cried with joy (that) he had won.

Hurrah ☞ with joy, with delight, joyfully

6. 기원문의 화법전환은 어떻게

He said, "May god bless me!"

☞ He prayed that God might bless him.

7. 여러 문장이 이어질 때, 간접화법은?

The lady said, "A thief appeared and took my bag away."

☞ The lady said that a thief had appeared and that had taken her bag away.

Mom said to me, "Hurry up, or you'll be late for work."

☞ My mom told me (that) I would be late for work if I didn't hurry up.

󰊶 가정법

(1) 직설법

있는 사실대로 서술하는 표현방식

He has two faces.

The old man is very greedy.

(2) 명령법

1. 명령법 +and

-하라, 그러면 ~할 것이다.

= If you -, ~

Get divorced, and you'll be happy.

= If you get divorced, you'll be happy.

2. 명령법 +or

-하라, 그렇지 않으면 ~할 것이다.

= If you don't -, ~

Get divorced, or you'll be unhappy.

= If you don't get divorced, you'll be unhappy.

3. let

Freeze!

Let's go.

Let us go.

4. 명령문이 아니더라도 동사가 앞에 오는 경우

(Would you) Care for some sweets?

(3) 가정법

[ 가정법 현재 ]

현재, 미래의 불확실한 사실

If it be fine tomorrow, we will go on a date. (가정법)

If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a date. (직설법)

If 주어 +현재형(원형), 주어 +현재형(미래형)

If he be dishonest, I will fire him.

= If he is dishonest, I will fire him.

[ 가정법 미래 ]

성립될 수 없는 사실

If she should show up tomorrow, I would marry her.

조건절 : should, were to

 주절  : should, would, could, might

[ 가정법 과거 ]

현재 사실에 반대되는 내용

If 주어 +과거형, 주어 +should, would, could, might

1. I wish +가정법 과거

I wish I could meet a mermaid and get married.

= I'm sorry that I can't meet a mermaid and get married.

2. It is time +가정법 과거

It is time we had dinner.

It is time we went to bed.

[ 가정법 과거완료 ]

과거의 사실에 반대되는 내용

If I had been rich, I would have bought a lot of land.

= As I was not rich, I couldn't buy a lot of land.

I wish +가정법 과거완료

I wish you had married me.

[ 잡동사니들 ]

Unless he were honest, I wouldn't vote for him.

unless = if - not ~

If I were you, I would join the army right now.

= Were I you, I would join the army right now.

※ if절의 독점에 배 아파하는 무리

but for = without

But for water, man couldn't live.

as if = as though

She speaks as if she were a miss.

󰊷 부정사

1. 명사적 용법

주어, 보어, 목적어 역할 -하는 것을

To work is to made money.

He likes to make money.

2. 형용사적 용법

-할

I have no friends to count on.

I have no girl to go out with.

I have no food to eat.

3. 부사적 용법

① 목적

-하기 위하여

He lived to die.

She left home to make money.

I go to work to make money.

② 원인

-하다니

I'm very glad to see you again.

I'm sorry to hear that.

③ 결과

-해서 ~가 되다.

He grew up to be a beggar.

He grew up to be hundred.

4. 의문사 +부정사 = 명사구

목적    -을,를

I don't now what to do.

You have to decide where to go.

I know when to leave.

5. 그 밖의 나머지 공부팀

① seem to

She seems to be happy.

② be to

가운의 예의

Nothing was to be seen in the cave. (가능)

Bruce Lee was to die young. (운명)

You are not to dump her. (의무)

The President is to be here soon. (예정)