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"당신이 학교를 졸업하고 직장을 잡은지 얼마 안되는 20대 젊은 투자자라면 곧바로 진지한 투자를 시작해야 한다. 시간은 투자자의 가장 좋은 친구이며 당신은 이 같은 이점을 풍부하게 가졌다. 20대 젊은이들은 아직 은퇴 시기가 많이 남았다고 생각하고 대수롭지 않게 넘기겠지만 시간은 빨리 가며, 은퇴를 미리 준비하지 않으면 안된다"

젊은 투자자들이 투자에 있어 명심해야할 것은 시간과 인플레이션이다. 예를 들어 40년후 은퇴 시점에 현재가치로 100만달러 정도를 저축해 놓는다면 남은 여생동안 해마다 4만달러 가량의 은퇴 소득을 즐길 수 있게 된다.

하지만 매년 3%의 인플레이션율을 감안한다면 40년후 필요한 금액은 326만달러로 늘어난다. 326만달러의 2007년 환산가치가 100만달러 가량 되기 때문이다. 매년 은퇴 소득도 13만달러(2007년 기준 4만달러)로 같이 늘어난다.

또 시간과 복리효과의 중요성도 파악해야 한다. 우선 매년 10%의 투자 수익률을 가정하자. 일찌감치 20대부터 저축을 시작한 사람은 투자할 수 있는 기간도 늘어난다. 일찍 저축을 시작해 40년동안 투자할 수 있다면 은퇴에 필요한 326만달러를 모으기 위해서는 매년 7400달러를 저축하면 된다.

그러나 투자 시작 시기가 10년 정도 늦춰져 30년동안 326만달러를 모으려면 매년 2만달러라는 부담스런 금액을 저축해야만 한다.

이처럼 시간과 복리 효과를 감안한다면 투자를 일찍 시작하는 것은 무엇보다 가장 중요한 것으로 평가된다.

뉴스위크 최신호는 '20대 젊은 투자자들이 명심해야할 5가지 투자 원칙'에 대해 소개했다.

#1. 주식, 주식 그리고 주식

주식은 채권이나 은행 저축보다 위험하다. 심지어 돈을 잃을 수도 있다. 그러나 5년 이상 장기 투자할 경우 주식시장 투자는 거의 돈을 잃지 않는다.

단기가 아닌 장기를 보고 투자할 경우 주식시장의 투자 수익률은 매년 평균 10% 가량 된다. 반면 채권은 5%, 은행저축은 3~5%에 불과하다.

#2. 펀드를 지켜보라

주식시장은 평균적으로 높은 수익률을 제공한다. 하지만 일부 주식들은 시간이 지나도 끝내 회복할 수 없는 손실을 안겨준다. 이에 따라 분산 투자 개념도 중요하다. 최소한 20~30개 다른 업종과 종목에 분산 투자해 위험을 줄여야 한다. 하지만 이를 위해서는 투자자들이 많은 시간을 들여 공부를 해야 한다.

하지만 펀드는 이런 분산 투자를 대행해 줄 수 있다. 펀드는 전문가들에 의해 투자 포트폴리오가 구성되며, 적은 돈이라도 투자할 수 있다. 펀드를 평가하는 사이트, 언론 등을 통해 과거 수익률이 높은 펀드들의 목록도 파악할 수 있다.

#3. 낮은 수수료에 초점을 맞춰라

펀드 수수료는 미국의 경우 보통 1.3% 정도다.(한국은 이보다 높은 2.5% 수준이다) 펀드 수익률이 매년 10%라면 수수료가 펀드 수익률을 8.7%로 낮춘다는 점을 알아야 한다. 100달러를 투자해 10%의 수익률을 달성, 10달러의 수익을 올리는 것이 아니라 수수료를 제하고 실제로는 8.70달러의 수익을 올리는 것이다.

1000달러를 투자할 경우 펀드 수수료를 제외하고 매년 8.7%의 수익을 올린다면 40년후 이 자금은 2만8000달러로 불어난다. 하지만 수수료가 0.2%에 불과한 펀드에 투자한다면 1000달러는 무려 4만3000달러로 늘어나게 된다.

수수료에 따라 실제 거머쥐는 돈은 큰 차이를 보인다. 많은 투자자들이 수수료가 낮은 인덱스 펀드에 몰리는것도 바로 이 때문이다. 투자할 좋은 주식을 찾는 대신, 인덱스 펀드를 보유하는 것도 좋은 방법이다. 많은 연구에 따르면 인덱스 펀드는 실제로 많은 펀드들을 앞서고 있다.

#4. 세금을 최소화 하라

세금도 역시 수수료와 같이 수익률을 갉아먹는 요인이다. 이에 따라 투자자들은 다양한 세금 전략을 사용하고 있다. 미국에서 절세하는 가장 좋은 예는 401k 연금보험이나 연금펀드 등에 투자하는 것이다. 세금이 낮은 펀드를 찾는 것은 중요하다. 펀드에 투자한 세금은 해마다 내는 것이 아니라 투자금의 확대에 따라 늘어나게 된다. 이에 따라 세금은 은퇴 시점에 펀드를 찾을때 내게 된다는 점을 명심하라.

#5. 장기를 보고 투자하고, 한번 투자하면 금액을 묻어둬야 한다

주식 투자는 장기 전략이다. 곧 사용해야할 돈으로 조급하게 투자하지 말아야 한다. 주식수익률이 연간 10% 가량된다면 배당금 등 모든 금액들이 재투자되도록 그대로 묻어두어야 한다.

그리고 투자수익률이 15~20%로 목표를 상회했다고 해도, 절대로 초과 이익분을 지출하는데 쓰지 말아야 한다. 왜냐면 10%에 못미칠 경우를 초과 수익률이 상쇄해주기 때문이다.